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Ion-Exchange
The ion exchange technology has
been applied since years in industry and is now proposing
new types of resins and further regeneration systems,
allowing saving either in investment and operating costs.
Scope Of Treatment:
- Water
softening for civil and industrial use.
- Water
demineralizing to feed steam generators.
- Denitrating
drinkable water and food industry waters.
- Decarbonation
of soft drinks and brewery.
- Refining
reverse osmosis waters.
Applications:
- Water
preparations to feed high and low pressure boilers.
- Softened
water for textile industry.
- Demineralized
water for pharmaceutical industry and electronics.
- Water
preparations for iron and steel industry.
- Metal
recovery in galvanic industry.
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Reverse
Osmosis Desalination
The reverse osmosis treatment technology
is the most update one, since being utilized for the production
of drinkable water from both sea water and brackish water.
The R.O. technology utilizes special membranes, which
-through a high pressure process- allow to separate salts
from water, so producing drinkable water, in full compliance
with the World Health Organization standards.
Sea Water Desalination
The limiting factor in the Sea water
reverse osmosis desalination plants is of a physical nature
i.e. higher pressure is applied in order to overcome the
osmotic pressure caused by high TDS. 
In
fact, due to the continuous improvement of membranes quality
and relevant performance, the R.O. plants and the utilization
of energy recovery turbines are now requiring less and
less energy and chemicals consumption.
- Open
Intake (Surface Water)
The intake of surface water,
should be located away from the shore and some meters
below the water surface, also high level of pretreatment
is required to minimize the fouling potential of the
feed water.
- Well
Intake
In general well water is consistent
feed source which has a low Silt Density Index (SDI)
and low bacteria count therefore simple pretreatment
scheme is required.
Brackish
Water Desalination
The limiting factor in the Brackish
water reverse osmosis desalination plants is of a chemical
nature, therefore
proper selection of the chemical used as scale inhibitor
is of great importance to avoid scale formation
It should also be taken in consideration that Brackish
water reverse osmosis desalination allows saving up to
50 times of the operation costs compared to the traditional
ion-exchange.
Scope
Of Treatment:
- Reduction
of dissolved salts in water either for human use or
for industry.
- Reduction
of nitrates concentration in drinkable water.
- Removal
of bacteria in water for pharmaceutical preparations
Applications:
- Sea
water desalination for civil use.
- Partial
demineralizing of feed water for low pressure boilers.
- Partial
demineralizing to feed ion exchange plants.

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Potabilization
Water supply is nowadays requiring
a continuous development in plants installation in most
of the countries, due to the increasing pollution of both
water tables and surface water as well.
The specific plant engineering will be chosen time by
time according to the type of polluting agents to remove.
Disinfection
- Chlorination
Chlorine is the most commonly
throughout the world. The reason is that chlorine
satisfies most of the requirements such as availability,
solubility, stability, toxicity to microorganisms,..etc.
The principal chlorine compounds used are chlorine,
sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite and chlorine
dioxide.Many of the safety concerns related to the
transport, storage and feeding are eliminated by the
use of either sodium or calcium hypochlorite
- Ultra
violet
Ultraviolet irradiation is known
to have a germicidal effect. Its application has come
into use especially for small-scale plants. No chemicals
are added, and the equipment needs little attention
other than periodic cleanings or replacement of the
mercury vapor lamps.
Treatment with ultraviolet light is a popular form
of disinfection due to ease of use. Water is exposed
at a controlled rate to ultraviolet light waves. The
light deactivates DNA leading to bacterial reduction.
With proper design and maintenance, UV systems are
simple and reliable for a high reduction in bacteria
(99+ %).
- Ozonation
Ozone is useful for color removal,
taste and odor removal, disinfection, iron and manganese
removal, phenol oxidation, and cyanide oxidation.
The high oxidation capacity of ozone places it in
the first level position for removal of polluting
agents generated by industrial processes and for disinfecting
water for human consumption.
Scope Of
Treatment:
- Elimination
of bacteria and other undesired matters.
- Water
treatment for human use.
Applications
- Production
water for human use.
- Production
of water meant for food and drink industry.
- Pre
and Post treatment of brackish water and seawater
desalination plants.
pH
adjustment:
Municipal waters may be pH-adjusted
to approximately 7.5 to 8.0 to prevent corrosion of water
pipes and fixtures, particularly to prevent dissolution
of lead into a potable water supply. In the case of excessive
alkalinity, the pH may be reduced by the addition of acid.
The alkalinity will convert to CO2.
Scope Of Treatment
- Water
treatment for human use.
Applications:
- Production
water for human use.
- Pre
and Post treatment of brackish water and seawater
desalination plants.
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Waste
Water Treatment
Domestic
Waste Water Treatment
Waste water treatment for residential
areas, touristic villages and communities in general,
by means of the total oxidation activated sludge biological
process.
Such process consists of primary treatment (screening,
oil & grease removal, equalization, etc.), secondary
treatment during which the excess effluent organic contents
are oxidized by an activated sludge process (Biological
oxidation, sedimentation), tertiary treatment is often
included in order to recover the treated water for irrigation,
agriculture, etc.
The treated water specifications are in full compliance
with the limits specified by the Environmental Protection
Law.
The excess sludge is completely mineralized either in
the oxidation tank yet or in a separated tank (aerobic
digestion).
Particular care is given to the ammonia oxidation (nitrification),
denitrification, and de-phosphatizing.
Applications:
- Residential
areas
- Tourist
villages
- Communities
Industrial
Waste Water Treatment
It has to be considered that each
and every industrial effluent treatment plant is to be designed
case by case, since its required performance are strictly
depending upon the specific pollutants involved.
Concerning industrial waste with biodegradable pollutants,
treatment plants are suitably designed applying the integrated
cycle activated sludge biologic process.
The clarified water is then submitted to chemical - physical
treatments (clarification - flocculation, filtration, disinfecting,
etc.) and also to membrane processes (ultrafiltration, reverse
osmosis), in order to attain such water characteristic as
to allow recovering it in industrial use.
Whenever the effluent is not biodegradable, its treatment
is carried out by adopting either a chemical-physical or
a membrane separation process (ultrafiltration, reverse
osmosis).
Such treatment can be integrated with specific pre-treatments
(ozone, U.V. etc.) in order to achieve, wherever necessary,
an effluent quality level such to guarantee both its suitability
for discharging and its possible re-use in industrial activities.
Applications:
- Textile
industry
- Food
industry
- Oil
industry
- Chemical
industry
- Others
Sludge Dewatering
Units
Dewatering is a physical process
used to reduce the moisture content of sludge and biosolids
for one or more of the following reasons:
- Reducing
the costs for trucking sludge.
- Handling
of sludge and biosolids are generally easier.
- Dewatering
is required normally prior to the incineration of
the sludge.
- Dewatering
is required before composting.
Several
techniques are used in dewatering devices for removing
moisture. Some of these techniques rely on natural evaporation
and percolation to dewater the solids. In mechanical dewatering
techniques, mechanically assisted physical means are used
to dewater the sludge more quickly.
Alternative methods for dewatering various types of sludge
and biosolids include:
- Solid-bowl
centrifuge.
- Belt-filter
press
- Recessed-plate
filter press.
- Sludge
drying beds.
- Sludge
lagoons.
Applications:
- Sludge
dewatering for Domestic waste water treatment
- Sludge
dewatering for Industrial waste water treatment
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